INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

 Computer architecture is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology standards interact to form a computer system or platform. In short, computer architecture refers to how a computer system is designed and what technologies it is compatible with. As with other contexts and meanings of the word architecture, computer architecture is likened to the art of determining the needs of the user/system/technology, and creating a logical design and standards based on those requirements. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HINDI TRANSLATE कंप्यूटर आर्किटेक्चर एक विनिर्देश है जो यह बताता है कि सॉफ्टवेयर और हार्डवेयर प्रौद्योगिकी मानकों का एक सेट कंप्यूटर सिस्टम या प्लेटफॉर्म बनाने के लिए कैसे इंटरैक्ट करता है। संक्षेप में, कंप्यूटर आर्किटेक्चर से तात्पर्य है कि कंप्यूटर सिस्टम कैसे डिज़ाइन किया गया है और यह किन तकनीको...

 The kernel is the central module of an operating system (OS). It is the part of the operating system that loads first, and it remains in main memory. Because it stays in memory, it is important for the kernel to be as small as possible while still providing all the essential services required by other parts of the operating system and applications. The kernel code is usually loaded into a protected area of memory to prevent it from being overwritten by programs or other parts of the operating system. Typically, the kernel is responsible for memory management, process and task management, and disk management. The kernel connects the system hardware to the application software. Every operating system has a kernel. For example the Linux kernel is used numerous operating systems including Linux, FreeBSD, Android and others. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...

 Simply put, the shell is a program that takes your commands from the keyboard and gives them to the operating system to perform. In the old days, it was the only user interface available on a Unix computer. Nowadays, we have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in addition to command line interfaces (CLIs) such as the shell. On most Linux systems a program called bash (Which stands for Bourne Again Shell, an enhanced version of the original Bourne shell program, sh, written by Steve Bourne) acts as the shell progaram. There are several additional shell programs available on a typical Linux system.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HINDI TRANSLATE सीधे शब्दों में कहें, शेल एक प्रोग्राम है जो कीबोर्ड से आपके कमांड लेता है और उन्हें ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम को परफॉर्म करने के लिए देता है। पुराने दिनों में, यह यूनिक्स कंप्यूटर पर उपलब्ध...