INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

 1. MORE: -Using TYPE command we can see the content of any file. But if length of file is greater than 25 lines then remaining lines will scroll up. To overcome through this problem we uses MORE command. Using this command we can pause the display after each 25 lines. Syntax:- C:\> TYPE <File name> | MORE C:\> TYPE ROSE.TXT | MORE or C:\> DIR | MORE 2. MEM:- This command displays free and used amount of  memory in the computer. Syntax:- C:\> MEM the computer will display the amount of memory. 3. SYS:- This command is used for copy system files to any disk. The disk having system files are known as Bootable Disk, which are used for booting the computer. Syntax:- C:\> SYS [Drive name] C:\> SYS A: System files transferred This command will transfer the three main system files COMMAND.COM, IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS to the floppy disk. 4. XCOPY:- When we need to copy a directory instant of a file from one location to another the we uses xcopy command. This command...

 1. DATE This command is used to display the system current date setting and prompt you to enter a new date. The syntax is: DATE  [/T | date] 2. TIME This command is used to displays or set the system time. The syntax is: TIME   [/T | time] 3. COPY CON It is used to create a file in the existing directory. Here CON is a DOS reserved word which stands for console. Syntax is: COPY  CON filename after that press Enter and start typing your text and after you’re done typing your text, to save and exit hit F6 key. 4. TYPE This command is used to display the contents of a text file or files. The syntax is: TYPE   [drive:][path]filename Now, lets try to display the contents of the file named filename we’ve created earlier using COPY CON command. 5. CLS It is used to clear the screen. Syntax is CLS 6. REN This command is used to change/modify the name of a file or files. Syntax is: REN   [drive:] [path] filename1   filename2. 7. DIR This co...

 A command is a specific instruction given to a computer application to perform some kind of task or function. In Windows, commands are usually entered via a command-line interpreter, like Command Prompt or Recovery Console. Commands must always be entered into a command line interpreter exactly. Entering a command incorrectly (wrong syntax, misspelling, etc.) could cause the command to fail or worse, could execute the wrong command or the right command in the wrong way, creating serious problems. There are many different kinds of commands, and many phrases that use the word command that probably shouldn't because they're not actually commands. It can be kind of confusing. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HINDI TRANSLATE  एक कमांड एक विशिष्ट निर्देश है जो कंप्यूटर एप्लिकेशन को किसी प्रकार का कार्य या कार्य करने के लिए दिया जात...

 1. An operating system is accountable for the formation and deletion of files and directories. 2. An operating system manages the process of deletion, suspension, resumption, and synchronization. 3. An operating system manages memory space by allocation and de-allocation. 4. An operating system stores, organizes, and names and protects the existing files. 5. Further, an operating system manages all the components and devices of the computers system including modems, printers, plotters, etc. 6. In case, if any device fails, the operating system detects and notify. 7. An operating system protects from destruction as well as from unauthorized use. 8. An operating system facilitates the interface to user and hardware. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HINDI TRANSLATE 1. एक ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम फ़ाइलों और निर्देशिकाओं के गठन और विलोपन के ल...

 1. MS-DOS is 16 bit operating system. 2. DOS is simple text command operating system, it does not support graphical interface. 3. DOS uses a text based interface and requires text and codes to operate. 4. Input in DOS is through basic system commands, i.e. mouse cannot be used to operate it. 5. DOS does not support multiprogramming this mean that it can only have only one process in the RAM at a time. 6. The highest amount of storage space available is 2 GB. 7.DOS is a free OS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HINDI TRANSLATE 1. MS-DOS 16 बिट ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम है। 2. डॉस सरल टेक्स्ट कमांड ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम है, यह ग्राफिकल इंटरफ़ेस का समर्थन नहीं करता है। 3. डॉस एक पाठ आधारित इंटरफ़ेस का उपयोग करता है और इसे संचालित करने के लिए पाठ और कोड की आवश्यकता होती है। 4. डॉस में इनपुट बेसिक सिस्टम कमांड्स के माध्यम से होता है, यानी इसे ऑपरेट कर...

 Stands for "Disk Operating System." DOS was the first operating system used by IBM-compatible computers. It was originally available in two versions that were essentially the same, but marketed under two different names. "PC-DOS" was the version developed by IBM and sold to the first IBM-compatible manufacturers. "MS-DOS" was the version that Microsoft bought the rights to, and was bundled with the first versions of Windows. DOS uses a command line, or text-based interface, that allows the user to type commands. By typing simple instructions such as pwd (print working directory) and cd (change directory), the user can browse the files on the hard drive, open files, and run programs. While the commands are simple to type, the user must know the basic commands in order to use DOS effectively (similar to Unix). This made the operating system difficult for novices to use, which is why Microsoft later bundled the graphic-based Windows operating system with DOS...

 Memory units are used to measure and represent data. Some of the commonly used memory units are: 1) Bit: The computer memory units start from bit. A bit is the smallest memory unit to measure data stored in main memory and storage devices. A bit can have only one binary value out of 0 and 1. 2) Byte: It is the fundamental unit to measure data. It contains 8 bits or is equal to 8 bits. Thus a byte can represent 2*8 or 256 values. 3) Kilobyte: A kilobyte contains 1024 bytes. 4) Megabyte: A megabyte contains 1024 kilobytes. 5) Gigabyte: A gigabyte contains 1024 megabyte. 6) Terabyte: A terabyte contains 1024 gigabytes. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HINDI TRANSLATE मेमोरी इकाइयों का उपयोग डेटा को मापने और प्रतिनिधित्व करने के लिए किया जाता है। आमतौर पर इस्तेमाल की जाने वाली मेमोरी यूनिट्स में से कुछ हैं: 1) बिट: कंप...

 PROM : PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory, and it is different from true ROM in that while a ROM is programmed (i.e. has data written to it) during the manufacturing process, a PROM is manufactured in an empty state and then programmed later using a PROM programmer or burner. EPROM : EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, and as the name suggests, data stored in an EPROM can be erased and the EPROM reprogrammed. Erasing an EPROM involves removing it from the computer and exposing it to ultraviolet light before re-burning it. EEPROM : EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, and the distinction between EPROM and EEPROM is that the latter can be erased and written to by the computer system it is installed in. In that sense EEPROM is not strictly read-only. However in many cases the write process is slow, so it is normally only done to update program code such as firmware or BIOS code on an occasional basis. -----------------...

 DRAM: DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM, and it is the most common type of RAM used in computers. The oldest type is known as single data rate (SDR) DRAM, but newer computers use faster dual data rate (DDR) DRAM. DDR comes in several versions including DDR2 , DDR3, and DDR4, which offer better performance and are more energy efficient than DDR. However different versions are incompatible, so it is not possible to mix DDR2 with DDR3 DRAM in a computer system. DRAM consists of a transistor and a capacitor in each cell. SRAM: SRAM stands for Static RAM, and it is a particular type of RAM which is faster than DRAM, but more expensive and bulker, having six transistors in each cell. For those reasons SRAM is generally only used as a data cache within a CPU itself or as RAM in very high-end server systems. A small SRAM cache of the most imminently-needed data can result in significant speed improvements in a system. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------...

 Just as the human brain has a tendency to recall events, which occurred in the past, a computer also needs special instructions during a login operation every time. This process is required because during login, the main memory of the computer is empty due to its volatile property , so there has to be some sort of instruction (special boot programs) to be stored in the special chips, which enables the computer system to perform start operations and transfer the control to the operating system. This special chip, where initial start up instructions is stored, is called ROM chip or non-volatile memory. This non-volatile memory not only performs read operations but restrict themselves to be altered and, therefore, making it much safer and secure than RAM. ROM chips are used not only in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...

 The system memory is often called called RAM for Random Access Memory. This is the primary memory that holds all the programs and data the processor is using at a given time. RAM requires power to maintain storage, so when you turn off the computer everything in RAM is cleared, and when you turn it back on the memory must be reloaded with programs for the processor to run. The initial programs for the processor come from a special type of memory called ROM (Read  Only Memory) which cannot normally be erased. Memory is normally purchased and installed in a modern system in SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) or DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) form.  Formerly very expensive, more recently memory prices have dropped, significantly reducing the cost of memory as compared to other parts of the system. Even so, the cost of the recommended amount of memory for a given system a usually equal or greater than that of the motherboard. -----------------------------------------------...