INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

 The kernel is the central module of an operating system (OS). It is the part of the operating system that loads first, and it remains in main memory. Because it stays in memory, it is important for the kernel to be as small as possible while still providing all the essential services required by other parts of the operating system and applications. The kernel code is usually loaded into a protected area of memory to prevent it from being overwritten by programs or other parts of the operating system. Typically, the kernel is responsible for memory management, process and task management, and disk management. The kernel connects the system hardware to the application software. Every operating system has a kernel. For example the Linux kernel is used numerous operating systems including Linux, FreeBSD, Android and others. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...

 Simply put, the shell is a program that takes your commands from the keyboard and gives them to the operating system to perform. In the old days, it was the only user interface available on a Unix computer. Nowadays, we have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in addition to command line interfaces (CLIs) such as the shell. On most Linux systems a program called bash (Which stands for Bourne Again Shell, an enhanced version of the original Bourne shell program, sh, written by Steve Bourne) acts as the shell progaram. There are several additional shell programs available on a typical Linux system.  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HINDI TRANSLATE सीधे शब्दों में कहें, शेल एक प्रोग्राम है जो कीबोर्ड से आपके कमांड लेता है और उन्हें ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम को परफॉर्म करने के लिए देता है। पुराने दिनों में, यह यूनिक्स कंप्यूटर पर उपलब्ध...

 Windows XP is an operating system introduced in 2001 by Microsoft and is a part of the Windows family of operating systems.Along with a redesigned look and feel to the user interface, this new operating system uses a more stable and reliable environment than previous of Windows. The operating system provides a new interface that uses graphics to simplify navigation and completing common tasks, thus, making learning and working easier. Microsoft released Windows XP in two versions: Windows XP Home and Windows XP Professional. Windows XP Home Edition is designed for home use and small business, while Windows XP Professional is specifically designed for advanced home computing, businesses, and larger organisations. Windows XP Professional is designed to handle more powerful computing needs by providing more reliability, security, and administrative options. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...

Linux is the best-known and most-used open source operating system. As an operating system, Linux is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from those programs and relaying these requests to the computer’s hardware. A Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- HINDI TRANSLATE लिनक्स सबसे प्रसिद्ध और सबसे अधिक इस्तेमाल किया जाने वाला ओपन सोर्स ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम है। एक ऑपरेटिं...

One of the most common reasons for failure or problems in computers is the lack of antivirus software, or expired antivirus software. It is an issue which is often overlooked and has dire consequences for the unfortunate computer owner. Antivirus software is a type of program designed and developed to protect computers from malware like viruses, computer worms, spyware, botnets, rootkits, key loggers and such. Antivirus programs function to scan, detect and remove viruses from your computer. There are many versions and types of anti-virus programs that are on  the market. However, the prime objective of any antivirus program is to protect computers and remove viruses once detected. Most antivirus programs incorporate both automated and manual filtering abilities. The instant scanning option may check files - downloaded from the Internet, discs that are embedded into the PC, and files that are made by software installers. The programmed scanning process may likewise check the entire...

Worms : These are  programs which copy themselves to other computers on a network. They tend to   slow   things down as they consume more and more bandwidth or computer resources. Trojans : Performs functions (sometimes malicious) on the  computer without the knowledge of the   user. Malware : Technically, this is not classed as a virus. It is software used to spy on computer user's      activities and collect personal information. More commonly known as "spyware". ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HINDI TRANSLATE कृमि (Worms) : ये ऐसे प्रोग्राम होते हैं जो नेटवर्क के अन्य कंप्यूटरों में स्वयं को कॉपी कर लेते हैं। वे चीजों को      धीमा कर देते हैं क्योंकि वे अधिक से अधिक बैंडविड्थ या कंप्यूटर संसाधनों का उपभोग   करते हैं। ट्रोजन (Trojans) : उपयोगकर्ता के ज्ञान के बिना कंप्यूटर...